2- Three –Membered Heterocycles

The parent system of the three –membered heterocycles with (oxygen , sulfur and Nitrogen ) atoms are called oxirene [1], thiirane [2], Azirine [3], diazirin [4] and oxaziridine [5], figure [2^](5) .

2.1. Aziridine

A ziridines are class of three –membered heterocyclic compounds containing two carbons and one nitrogen as hetero atom in their chemical structure.,figure [3] . Aziridine has also been called as azocyclopropane and ethylene amine.

Aziridine constitute an interesting class of organic compounds because of their reactivity⁽⁶⁾ .Aziridine^(7,8) has been widely used as structural units in the natural products, figure [4] and in avariety of the biological and pharmaceutically important molecules, figure [5] , which act as anti cancer activity.

Ethyl diazoacetate⁽⁹⁾ [6] react with N-benzylidene aniline [7] to yield Aziridine [8],[9] scheme [6 ]

2- arylaziridine⁽¹⁰⁾ [11] , is the product of the reaction of 2-aryl ethnyl (diphenyl ) sulfonium salt [10] with primary amine^(11,12)., scheme [7]

Benzylidene –aniline [12] react with dichloro carbene by [1+2] cyclo addition reaction to give 2,2- dichloro -1,3- diphenyl aziridine [13] scheme [8]

2- (bromomethyl ) aziridine [15] can be synthesis from the starting material , N-(3-bromo-2- chloropropyl ) benzenesulfamide [14] which was prepared from N- allylbenzene sulfone amide by addition of bromine scheme [9]

For the synthesis of aziridine-2-phosphonates [17]⁽¹³⁾,1,2-dibromoethyl phosphonates[16] react with triethylamine for B elimination of HBr . Then reaction with different primary amines scheme [10] .

2.2- Diaziridine

Diaziridine (14) is class of three –membered heterocyclic compounds with one carbon and two nitrogen atoms in their structure is called diaziridine (1,2-diazcyclopropane), figure [11].

Diaziridine [21] can be synthesized by an intramolecular SN1 cyclization of N- X –animal [20], which can be obtained through any of three methods,( i) An interaction of primary amines with the product [18] of carbonyl compounds and aminating reagents such as hydroxyl amina o- sulfonic acid (HASA) (scheme 12a) ,(ii) an interaction of imine [19] with aminating reagents (scheme 12 b),(iii) mixing of three components ( carbonyl compounds , primary amines and aminating reagents)(scheme 12 c ).,figure [12]⁽¹⁵⁾.

3. Four –Membered Ring

In four-membered hetrocycles(5),the ring strain is less than in the corresponding three –membered compound and is approximately equal to that found incyclobutane.Examples of the four membered heterocyclic compounds was shown in figure[13]

3.1. 1,2- Diazetidine

1,2- Diazetidines(16) are class of four –membered heterocyclic compounds containing two nitrogen as hetero atoms in their structures figure [14]. Thecyclichydrazine, 1,2 –diazetidine is an important moiety in the organic and medicine chemistry⁽¹⁷⁾ .

Nagham⁽¹⁸⁾ , described reaction of oxazepine [23] with hydrazine to result 3- phenyl -4- (4- methyl benzene ) -1,2 -4- triazocine -5, 8 –dione [24] , which reacted with oxalic acid to produce 3- phenyl 1-4- (4-methyl phenyl )-1, 2- bicycle (diazetidine -3,4 –dione )-1,2,4- triazocine -5,8- dione [25] as a four-membered ring .,figure [15]

Firl and sommer⁽⁵⁾prepared 1,2- diazetidine derivative [28] by reaction of dimethyl azodicarboxylate [26] with ethyl ring ether [27] in benzene .,figure [16]

Azo compounds [29] and Keten such as diphenyl ketene [30] can be resulting 1,2- diazetidine derivatives [31] by cyclo addition reaction .,figure [17]

Hal and Bigard⁽²⁰⁾ , prepared dialkyl -1,2- diazetidine [34] by reaction of dialkyl hydrazine [32] with dibromo ethane [33]., figure [18]

The reaction^(20-26) between hydrazine and P- methoxy benzaldehyde resulting 1,2- diazetidine derivative [51] figure [19]

4- Five –Membered Heterocycles

This class(5) represent large group of heterocycles, the ring strain is of little or no importance rather than in three and four-membered heterocyclescycles . Examples for the five membered heterocyclescycles with oxygen , sulfur , nitrogen , phosphor , and selenium atoms was shown in figure [21]

4.1- Thiazolidinone

Thiazolidinones(21,22) belong to an important group of hetero cyclic compounds , having 5- membered saturated ring with thio, amine and carbonyl group, figure [22]

Thiazolidinones⁽²³⁾ are represent very important structural unit in drug discovery due their broad ring of the biological activity such as anti –in flammatory , anti –HIV [1] . anti- microbial and anti convulsant activity [2] , figure [23]⁽²⁴⁾

Interest^(25,26) in the thiazolidine derivatives steme largely from the presence of an acylated thiazolidine ring in pencillins , figure [24]

Fahmyl et. Al. Synthesied 2-indolylarylindine hydrazones[42] from reaction of 2-indolylcarbohydrazied[41]withdifferent aromatic and/or heterocyclic aldehydes, cyclocondensation of compound [42] with thioglycolic acid give the corresponding 2-aryl-3-(2-indolylamide) thiazolidin-4-ones [42] figure[25]

Kasimogullari et .al⁽²⁷⁾ synthesized 3,3- (1,4- phenylene ) bis(2-aryl- thiazolidin -4- one ) [46] by the reaction of thioglycollic acid with aldimines [45] .,figure [26]

Anchal A⁽²⁸⁾ synthesized 2- (4- hydroxyl phenyl ) -3-( 6- methoxy -1,3- benzothiazol -2-yl) -5- methyl -1,3- thiazolidin -4-one [49] by reaction of 4-[6- methoxy -1,3- benzothiazole -2- yl ) amino methyl ]phenol [47] with thiolatic acid [48] .,figure [28]

Madkour⁽²⁹⁾ synthesized 6- bromo-3- [2-(4- chloro –phenyl ) -4- oxo-1 ,3- thiazole-3- yl ] -2- isopropyl -4(3H)- quinazolinone [51] from the reaction of 3-aryliden amino -6- bromo -2- isopropyl -4(3H)- quinazolines [50] with thio glycolic acid in dry benzene .,figure [28]

Raoet .al⁽³⁰⁾ synthesized 2,3- diaryl -1,3- thiazolidin -4- ones [52] by reaction of an aromatic aldehyde with hetero aromatic amine in the presence of mercapto acetic acid .,figure [29]

Aydoganet .al⁽³¹⁾ synthesized 4- thiazolidin ones which are hetaryl substituted at 2- position [55] by the reaction of mercap to acids with aldimines [54] which were prepared by the condensation of pyrrol -2- carbaldehyde [53] with different aromatic amines .,figure [30]

4.2. 1,3,4- Thiadiazole

Thiadiazole⁽³²⁾ is aheterocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms and one sulfur atom as part of the aromatic five – membered ring., figure [31]

1,3,4- thiadiazole^(33-35) and their derivatives exhibit abroad spectrum of biological activity as antimicrobial , anti-inflammatory , anti bacterial , anti-biotic , anti-fungal and anticancer activity ⁽³⁶⁾ , figure [32]

Amir et al⁽³⁷⁾ synthesisized 2-aryl -5- (6- chloro -1,3- benzothiazole -2- yl- amino )- 1,3,4- thiadiazoles, figure [33] the compound showed significant antimicrobial activity .

2- amino -5- mercapto -1,3,4- thiadiazole is capable of existing in four tautomeric form ,figure [34]⁽³⁸⁾

Fig .[34] the four tantomeric forms of 2- amino -5- mercapto -1,3,4- thiadiazole

Amino – mercapto -1,3,4- thiadiazole^(39-42) is described under different chemical names . AMT stands for 2- amino -5- mercapto -1,3,4- thiadiazole which also found under the chemical names of 5- amino -1,3,4- thiadiazole -2- thiol ,1,3,4- thiadiazole -2(3H) – thion -5- amino , 2- amino -1,3,4- thiadiazole -5- thiol and 2- mercapto -5- amino -1,3,4- thiadiazole . All of the chemical names have same the general formula C₂H₃N₃S₂ , A MT is a white –yellowish solid , with a molecular weight of 133.19 g/mol , M.P . 277C^o

Guha⁽⁴¹⁾ synthesized 2- amino -5- mercapto -1,3,4- thiadiazole from treatment thiosemicarbazide with carbon disulfide and potassium hydroxide , the potassium salt of thiosemicarbazide -4- dithiocarboxylic acid [2] was formed . Heating [59] to 140C^o causes cyclization to the salt of 2-amino -5- mercapto -1,3,4- thiadiazole [60] .,figure[36]

Firas⁽⁴³⁾, synthesized 2- (substituted phenyl) – amino -5- (4- pyridyl ) -4H -1,3,4- thiadiazole [63] bcyclization of substituted phenyl thiosemicarbazide of is onizeol [62] , which synthesized by refluxing isonized with substituted phenol is othiocyanayes .,figure [38]

Venkata Puram^(44,45) , synthesized 1,3,4- thiadiazole derivative [66] by reaction of oxadiazole ring [64] with thiourea [65] ., figure [39]

4.3- Benzimidazoles

Benzimidazole^{(45, 46)} is a hetero cyclic aromatic organic compound. This compound is bicyclic in nature having imidazole ring Fused to benzene ring . The^{(53 ,54)} ring is numbered in a way that gives the nitrogen atoms the lowest possible numbers, figure [41]

Like imidazole⁽⁵⁾,benzimidazole capable of existing in two tatomeric form,figure[42]

Benzimidazole^(47-49) derivatives play important role in medical field because of their biological activity such as antimicrobial , antiviral , anti- inflammatory , anticancer , antimicrobial , and anti- fungal activity , for example some oxadiazole -1H- benzimidazole having antimicrobial activities, figure [43]

While other derivatives of benzimidazole having biological activity as antiviral activity, figure [44]⁽⁵⁰⁾ .

The cyclo condensation reaction of O- phenylene di amine or substituted O- phenylene di amines [70] with carboxylic acids or their derivatives [71] can be lead to the benzimidazoles synthesis [70] figure [45]⁽⁵¹⁾

Davood et al^(52-54) . synthesized a series of benzimidazole derivatives [75] from reaction of different aromatic aldehydes [74] with O- phenylene di amine [73].,figure [46].

Vijaya synthesized 2- [(4- chloro-3- methyl phenoxy ) methyl ] -1H – benzimidazole [83] from the reaction of 4- chloro -3- methyl phenol [81] with chloro acetic acid to give 4- chloro -3- methyl phenoxy acetic acid [82] , then treatment of 4- chloro -3- methyl phenoxy acetic acid with O- phenylene di amine yielded the target benzimidiazole .,figure [49]⁽⁵⁴⁾

Srikanth lingala et al⁽⁵⁵⁾ , synthesized (1H- benzo [d] imidazol -2- yl ) methane thiol [86] by reaction of [84] with thioglycollic acid [85] in presence of HCl .,figure [50]

5. Six –Membered Heterocycles

The ring strainin six – membered Hetero cycles is of little or no portance . pyran [1] and thiine [2] and pyridine [3] , with oxygen , sulfur and nitrogen atoms are examples for six – membered hetero cycles figure [51]⁽⁵⁶⁾

5.1. Oxazine

Oxazines⁽⁵⁾ are derived from 2H – and 4H – pyrans by replacing either a CH₂ unit by NH or a CH unit by N. figure [52]

Mehdi et –al⁽⁵⁷⁾ prepared (6- chloro- 2,3,5- triphenyl ) -1,3- oxazine -4- one ) [89] from reaction of (chloro carbonyl ) phenyl ketene [87] with N- benzilidene aniline [88] figure [53]

Archana et al⁽⁵⁸⁾ , described the reaction between halogen o substituted aldehydes [90] and substituted primary amine yielding Schiff base [91] , which converted into substituted - oxazine ] [92].,figure [54]

Zuhal et al⁽⁵⁹⁾ , synthesized 1,3- disubstituted -2,3- dihydro –H- naphtha [1,2-e] [1,3] oxazines [95] from condensation of 2- naphthol [93] with aldehydes / hetero aldehydes [94] , figure [55]

Nagham⁽⁶⁰⁾ synthesized Bis( 2- arabinose -5, 6- benzo -4- one -1,3- oxazine ) [98] from reaction of Bis (1-arabinos amine) [96] and salicylic acid [97] .,figure [56]

6. Seven – Membered Heterocycles

Heterocyclic seven –membered rings constitute the core or a key fragment of a number of bioactive compounds^(61-69) oxapine [1] , thiepin [2] , azepine [3] , diazepine [4] thiazepine [5] are examples of seven – membered hetero cyclic compounds figure [57]⁽⁶²⁾

6.1. Thiazepine

Thiazepine⁽⁶³⁾ moieties represent an important class of seven – membered hetero cyclic compound having Nitrogen and sulphur as hetero atoms in their chemical structure , figure [58]

Thiazepine^(64-66) is a privileged structure because of its presence in a number of pharmacologically important compounds and also present in a wide rings of natural and synthetic biologically active agents . thiazepine consider one of drugs which has biological interest due to their activity on the centeral nervous system , as muscle relaxant , enzyme inhibitors , anticonvulsant , anti- cancer and other uses^{(68 ,69)}., .

6.1.1- Structural Isomers and number in ring method of thiazepine

The structural Isomers and numbering of thiazepine ring was shown in figure [59]⁽⁶⁷⁾

Reaction of 2- amino thiophenol [99] and ethyl 4, 6- diphenyl cyclohex -3- enecar boxylate [100] yield 1,3-Diphenyl -1,2- dihydrodibenzo [1,4] thiazepin -11 (10H) – one [101]., figure [60]⁽⁶⁸⁾

2- mercapto aniline react with 6- chlorouriacil to form 6- (2- amino phenyl thio ) uracil , which heating with substituted benzaldehyde or 2- thienaldehyde to yield the corsponding 5- substituted -2,4- dioxo -1H, 3H – pyrimido – 3H – pyrimido [5,4- f] benzo [1,4] thiazepines .,figure [70]⁽⁷⁸⁾

The reaction between 3- amino -3- thioxopropan amide [104] with ethyl a cetoacetate give 6- hydroxyl -4- methyl -2- thioxo -2, 3- dihydro pyridine -3- carbox amide [105] , which react with α – haloketones [127] to produce 2,3 – disubstituted -8- hydroxyl -6- methyl -2H , 5H- pyrido [3,2-f] – [1,4] thiazepin -5- ones [106].,figure [ 71 ]⁽⁷⁰⁾

Thio phenol react with 1- chloro -2- nitro benzene to form 2- nitro phenyl sulfane [107] , which converted to phenyl -2- (phenyl thio )- phenyl carbamate [108] in presence of Iron powder with ammonium chloride , [108] added to a solution of poly phosphoric acid to yield dibenzo [b,f] [1,4] thiazepine -11 (10H) – one [109] scheme [72]⁽⁷¹⁾

7. Eight – Membered Heterocycles

Azocine [1] , oxocane [2] , diazocine [3] , thiazocine [4] , and thidiazocine [5] , are eight – membered hetero cycles with one , two, and three hetero atoms figure [73]^(72-76)

7.1. Diazocine

Buchwaled et. al⁽⁷⁷⁾ synthesized eight–membered N–linked bi aryl (diazocine derivative) [110] by the cyclization of aniline derivative [111] scheme [74]

The meth – cohn group⁽⁷⁸⁾ explored syntheses of dibenzazocines . upon treatment of P- substituted tert- aniline [112] with N- formyl –N- substituted aryl amides [113] in phosphorus oxychloride (PoCl₃), dibenzo [1,5] diazocines [114] were formed .,figure [75]

8. Azo –Compounds

When a primary amine^(79,80) , dissolved or suspended in cold aqueous mineral acid , is treated with sodium nitrite , there is formed adiazonium salt , typically represent by the general formula R-N =N⁺X^- , in which R can be alkyl Aroyl and X is an organic anion such as halogen scheme [76]⁽⁸¹⁾

Aryl diazonium salts^(82,83) are important class of intermediates and have many application organic synthesis .,figure [77] , several name reactions associated with aryl diazonium salts including the sandmeyer reaction (1884) , the pschorryclization (1896)and the gombery Bachmman reaction (1924)

Diazonium [118] coupling ⁽⁸⁴⁾ with phenols [119] in the presence of NaOH at 0 C^o is one of the main route for the synthesis of azo compounds [120] which represent by general formula (Ar-N =N-Ar) ,scheme [78]⁽⁸⁵⁾

Azo compounds have a wide ring of applications in arious fields as in analytical chemistry⁽⁸⁶⁾ , inorganic chemistry⁽⁸⁷⁾, biological reaction⁽⁸⁸⁾ and adranced applications in organic synthesis⁽⁸⁹⁾ . The biological importance^(90-93) of azo compounds is well known as antifungal , anti-inflammatory , anticancer , and antibacterial used in synthesis ⁽⁹⁴⁾ of azo sulfa drugs such as compound [1] (94) ,figure [79]

9. Schiff Bases

The class⁽⁹⁵⁾ of organic compounds or the molecule containing the azo methine (-HC =N-) group in their structure is called amine compounds or alternatively a Schiff base . it was first prepared by german chemist Hugo Schiff and therefore , is referred as Schiff base . several⁽⁹⁶⁾ methods can be used in synthesis of Schiff base , Generally , it prepared by the reaction of aldehydes or ketones and primary amines with acid catalysis . shown in scheme [80]⁽⁹⁷⁾

Schiff bases⁽⁹⁸⁾ can be named "Ketoimines " when they are derived from carbonyl group of Ketone while the carbonyl group^(99-103)., of aldehyde gives aldimines.

Bhausaheb et al⁽⁹⁹⁾ . prepared N- (o- Hydroxy benzylidene ) –m- anisidine [123] by reaction o- hydroxyl benzaldehde [121] with m- anisidine [122].,figure [81]

Nagham⁽¹⁰⁴⁾ synthesized bis (1- arabinose amine ) [126] by reaction of arabinose sugar [124] with hydrazine [125] scheme [82]

Nagham⁽¹⁰⁵⁾ synthesized many schiff base to formation cyclic compounds :

Nagham^(106-109) synthesized many schiff base and azo groups to produce various membered rings .

Nagham⁽¹⁰⁷⁾ synthesized seven- membered rings from selenium and sulfur atoms:

Nagham⁽¹⁰⁶⁾ synthesized eight- membered rings from reaction of melamine compound .

Nagham⁽¹⁰⁹⁾ synthesized diazepine cycles as a seven-membered rings

Nagham⁽¹⁰⁹⁾synthesized diazepine ring from oxazepine and sugar:

K. Babu and P. Amutha⁽¹⁰¹⁾ , synthesized Schiff base [129] from reaction of 4- methyl -1,2- di amino benzene [127] with 2- hydroxyl –naphthal dehyde [128] scheme [83]

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Received on 13.08.2014 Modified on 20.08.2014

Asian J. Research Chem. 7(9): September 2014; Page 810-838

*Corresponding Author E-mail: dr.nagham_mj@yahoo.com

1- Heterocyclic Chemistry